The multifarious ionization sources and disturbed kinematics of extraplanar gas in five low-mass galaxies

We investigate the origin of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) and its predominant ionization mechanisms in five nearby (17-46 Mpc) low-mass ($10^9\text{-}10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$) edge-on disk galaxies: ESO 157-49, 469-15, 544-27, IC 217, 1553. acquired Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field spectroscopy deep narrowband H$\alpha$ imaging our sample galaxies. To connection between in-plane star formation eDIG, we perform a photometric analysis imaging. measure eDIG scale heights $h_{z\text{eDIG}} = 0.59 \text{-} 1.39$ kpc find positive correlation them specific rates. In all galaxies, also strong midplane radial profiles. Using MUSE data, via kinematics. rotation velocity lags above with values 10 27 km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$. While do hints an accretion for 1553, overall kinematics galaxies not match steady galaxy model or any simplistic internal gas. construct standard diagnostic diagrams emission-line maps (EW(H$\alpha$), [NII]/H$\alpha$, [SII]//H$\alpha$, [OIII]/H$\beta$) regions consistent mixed OB hot evolved stars (HOLMES) ionization, OB-shock ionization. Our results suggest that are primary driver while both HOLMES shocks may locally contribute to significant degree. Despite galaxies' similar structures masses, surprisingly composite image multifarious eDIG.